A 2026 Nature study found that parasite-sensing tuft cells can release acetylcholine, activate crypt enterochromaffin cells through muscarinic receptors, trigger serotonin release, stimulate vagal afferent neurons, and suppress food intake during established infection.1 The finding is a precise gut-defense circuit, not a generic claim that the gut-brain axis explains every mood or appetite problem. Research …
Anorexia nervosa (AN), a severe mental disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image, remains a formidable challenge in psychiatric treatment. Recent research has shone a light on the potential of olanzapine, an atypical antipsychotic, in offering new hope through both systemic and innovative intranasal administration methods in animal …
Vraylar (Cariprazine), also sold under the name Reagila [in European countries], is an atypical antipsychotic developed by the pharmaceutical company Allergan. In 2015, Vraylar received FDA approval for the treatment of schizophrenia and mania associated with bipolar disorder. From a pharmacodynamic perspective, Vraylar functions predominantly as a partial agonist at D3 and D2 dopamine receptors, …
Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from the roasting of coffee beans, which technically, are seeds of berries produced by the Coffea plant. Specifically, when Coffea plant berries ripen, they are picked, processed, dried, roasted, ground, brewed with boiling water, and served as the beverage we’ve come to know as coffee. Although the Coffea plant …
Naltrexone is a chemical initially synthesized in 1963 and patented thereafter by the pharmaceutical company Endo Laboratories in 1967. It is considered a substituted derivative of oxymorphone in that the tertiary amine methyl-constituent is replaced with an allyl group (specifically an N-cyclopropylmethyl group) – or a longer chain of carbon atoms. It was initially approved …
It is estimated that over 50% of all individuals in the U.S. aged 18+ have consumed an alcoholic beverage within the past month. Approximately 70% of people have consumed alcohol within the past year. While many people seriously enjoy drinking in social situations and “going out” with friends to bars on the weekends, others find …
Amitriptyline (Elavil) is the most popular TCA (tricyclic antidepressant) medication on the market. It is primarily utilized for the treatment of depression, and in other cases, migraine headaches and anxiety disorders. The drug functions primarily by inhibiting the reuptake of the serotonin transporter, which increases extracellular levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Although serotonin is primarily …