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CE-123 vs. R-Modafinil for Cognition: Dopamine Modulators (2023 Study)

Recent advancements in neuropharmacology have brought to light S-CE-123, a dopamine transporter inhibitor showing remarkable promise in cognitive enhancement. Its emergence alongside R-modafinil, a well-studied compound with a similar target, paves the way for a fascinating comparative study. This duo of compounds, entwined in the complex dance of brain chemistry, offers a glimpse into the …

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Caffeine to Prevent Alzheimer’s Disease via Adenosine A2A Receptors? (2023 Review)

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), a prevalent form of dementia, poses significant challenges for individuals and healthcare systems worldwide. Current treatments primarily offer symptomatic relief without altering the disease’s progression. However, emerging research suggests that caffeine, a widely consumed psychoactive substance, may have neuroprotective properties against AD. Highlights: Alzheimer’s Disease is the most common form of dementia, …

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Cognitive Enhancement Effects of Caffeine, Methylphenidate, Modafinil (Study)

In the pursuit of peak mental performance, scientific studies have explored the effects of stimulants like methylphenidate, modafinil, and caffeine on cognitive functions such as memory and attention. Recent research utilizing advanced neuroimaging techniques has begun to unravel the intricate ways these substances modulate brain activity and connectivity, offering insights into their potential as cognitive …

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Hydrafinil (Fluorenol): A Modafinil Analogue with Questionable Safety

Hydrafinil (Fluorenol) is an unregulated research chemical originally synthesized by Cephalon Pharmaceuticals (now owned by Teva) as a eugeroic (wakefulness-promoting agent).  After its synthesis, fluorenol was one of several agents to be considered as a hypothetical successor to the popularized and FDA-approved drug, Provigil (Modafinil).  Comparative data from animal trials indicated that fluorenol exhibited ~39% …

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Adrafinil Side Effects & Adverse Reactions (List)

Adrafinil (Olmifon) is a eugeroic agent originally synthesized in the 1970s by chemists at Group Lafon, a pharmaceutical company based in France.  Following its synthesis, researchers discovered that adrafinil induced wakefulness in humans, and by the mid-1980s, it was being marketed as an experimental treatment for narcolepsy.  Though its exact pharmacodynamics aren’t fully elucidated, adrafinil …

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Phenibut Withdrawal Symptoms: List of Possibilities

Phenibut (brand name “Noofen”) is a neuropsychiatric drug originally synthesized in St. Petersburg, Russia by a team of researchers at the Department of Organic Chemistry of the Herzen Pedagogic Institute.  By the 1960s, phenibut was introduced as a pharmaceutical agent in Russia for the treatment of various medical conditions including: anxiety, insomnia, and PTSD.  Since …

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Noopept Side Effects & Adverse Reactions (List)

Noopept (N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester) is a synthetic peptide manufactured in Russia by JSC LEKKO Pharmaceuticals.  Chemically, noopept is a hydrophilic proline with a dipeptide structure consisting of a phenylacetyl subunit bound to a small peptide chain of proline and glycine.  Although it isn’t technically classified as a “racetam” (due to its lacking of a 2-oxo-pyrrolidine …

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