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long term effects

Myo-Inositol for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Targeting BATF2 for Epigenetic & Transcriptomic Changes (2024 Study)

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains one of the most challenging conditions for modern neurology, carrying a wide range of long-term consequences that can significantly impair an individual’s quality of life. In a new study, researchers analyzed the epigenetic landscape post-TBI, revealing significant DNA methylation changes in the hippocampus—a crucial area for memory and learning. The …

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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) & Long-Term Cognitive Effects in Major Depression (2023 Review)

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has long been a controversial yet potent treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), particularly in cases resistant to conventional therapies. Despite its effectiveness, the long-term cognitive effects of ECT have been a subject of intense debate. A recent meta-analysis offers new insights into these cognitive changes, shedding light on the nuances of …

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Long Term Effects of Modafinil: Hypothetical Risks & Rewards

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Modafinil (brand name “Provigil”) is a blockbuster eugeroic drug synthesized by Cephalon Pharmaceuticals (now Teva) and approved in 1998 for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) associated with narcolepsy.  It was since approved for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea, as well as to normalize circadian rhythms in diagnoses …

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6 Common Phases Of Antidepressant Treatment

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Many individuals who feel depressed believe that the smartest, most efficient way to deal with their depression is via pharmaceutical antidepressants.  Pharmaceutical antidepressants take effect quickly, altering neural connectivity within 3 hours of ingestion and manipulate neurotransmission to facilitate a mood boost.  Though antidepressants can take several weeks to fully work or “kick in,” some individuals …

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Safest Psychiatric Drugs: Low Risk, Effective Medications

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Reports suggest that nearly 20% of all people in the United States are taking a psychiatric drug.  This means that 1 out of every 5 people you see is on some sort of mind-altering medication.  Although many of these drugs are marketed as being “safe and effective” for conditions like ADHD, anxiety, bipolar disorder, depression, …

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Potential Dangers Of Nootropics: What To Consider Before Using Smart Drugs

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Nootropics or “smart drugs” tend to improve cognitive function to help people perform better, maximize productivity, and ultimately achieve their full potential. Most nootropics are regarded as safe and in some cases serve as “neuroprotective agents,” meaning they preserve brain function and cognition. There is even some evidence to suggest that they may help prevent …

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