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Withdrawal

How Long Does Ritalin Stay In Your System?

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Ritalin is a psychostimulant drug used medically for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.  It contains the active ingredient methylphenidate, which functions as a catecholamine reuptake inhibitor, primarily of dopamine (DAT) and norepinephrine (NET) transporters.  This reuptake inhibition (NDRI) facilitates increases in extracellular dopamine and norepinephrine concentrations, thereby substantially enhancing neurophysiological arousal. Upon …

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How Long Do “Shrooms” Stay In Your System? (Psilocybin)

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“Shrooms” commonly refers to over 200 species of mushrooms containing the active psychedelic compound known as “psilocybin.”  Psilocybin itself is a prodrug, meaning it is inactive until ingested and broken down (metabolized) within the body.  Upon metabolism of psilocybin, it is converted to the active metabolite “psilocin” which functions primarily as a 5-HT2A receptor partial …

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How Long Does Caffeine Stay In Your System?

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Caffeine is considered a naturally occurring CNS stimulant and is classified as a methylxanthine drug.  Over 60 species of plants contain caffeine, most notably: coffee seeds (i.e. “beans”) and tea leaves.  It is estimated that 80% (4/5) adults in the United States consume caffeine on a daily basis, and 90% of people throughout the world …

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How Long Does Codeine Stay In Your System?

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Codeine (3-methylmorphine) is an opioid medication commonly prescribed for the treatment of severe coughing (antitussive), mild to moderate pain (analgesic), and/or uncontrollable diarrhea (antidiarrheal).  It is considered a natural form of methylated morphine and is the second-most significant alkaloid in opium, accounting for up to 3%.  In the United States, codeine is typically manufactured in …

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How Long Does Percocet Stay In Your System?

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Percocet is a brand name medication comprised of active ingredients oxycodone (a semi-synthetic opioid) and acetaminophen (paracetamol).  It was first introduced to Germany in 1917 as an intravenous formulation for pain management among soldiers in World War I.  Eventually it received approval in the United States (1976) as an oral (tablet) formulation as a narcotic …

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How Long Does Hydrocodone Stay In Your System?

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Hydrocodone is a popular pharmaceutical drug commonly prescribed for the treatment of severe pain, and in some cases as an antitussive agent to mitigate chronic coughing.  It is a semi-synthetic drug in that it is synthesized from codeine (an opioid alkaloid derived from opium poppy).  Upon ingestion of hydrocodone, it facilitates analgesic effects via binding …

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