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metabolites

Plasma Metabolomics as Biomarkers in Depression: Betaine & Piperine Abnormalities (2024 Study)

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Depression is a complex mental health disorder that affects millions worldwide, presenting a significant challenge to both diagnosis and treatment. Recent advances in metabolomics—the study of small molecules in biological systems—have opened new avenues for understanding the biochemical underpinnings of depressive disorders. By analyzing blood serum metabolites, researchers can now identify biomarkers that distinguish patients …

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How Long Does Niacin Stay In Your System?

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Niacin (Vitamin B3), also known as “nicotinic acid,” is a colorless, hydrophilic derivative of pyridine and an essential dietary nutrient for humans.  Inadequate dietary intake of niacin is the root cause of a medical condition known as “pellagra,” characterized by a host of neuropsychiatric symptoms including: anxiety, amnesia, brain fog, cognitive impairment, delirium, depression, and …

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How Long Does Codeine Stay In Your System?

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Codeine (3-methylmorphine) is an opioid medication commonly prescribed for the treatment of severe coughing (antitussive), mild to moderate pain (analgesic), and/or uncontrollable diarrhea (antidiarrheal).  It is considered a natural form of methylated morphine and is the second-most significant alkaloid in opium, accounting for up to 3%.  In the United States, codeine is typically manufactured in …

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How Long Does Ecstasy (MDMA) Stay In Your System?

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MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine) is a synthetic psychoactive substance known for its combination of euphoric and empathogenic effects.  In the United States, it is commonly referred to as ecstasy and/or “Molly.”  MDMA is considered a Schedule I controlled-substance, meaning it has no accepted medical use, a high potential for abuse, and is considered unsafe when utilized outside …

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