A 2025 Science Advances mouse study found a more brain-dependent metformin mechanism than the usual liver-gut framing suggests: low-dose metformin lost its glucose-lowering effect when brain Rap1 signaling could not be reduced, and 36 of 47 ventromedial-hypothalamus SF1 neurons responded directly to metformin.1 Research Highlights Low-dose metformin needed brain Rap1: Control mice lowered glucose after …
A 2026 mouse and cell study found that ATP11B loss pushed aged brains toward hippocampal iron accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuronal ferroptosis, and worse memory behavior than wild-type comparison mice; ATP11B overexpression then improved multiple learning and memory tests in 18-month-old mice. Research Highlights Memory signal: ATP11B-deficient mice performed worse than wild-type mice on Morris water …
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex and prevalent psychiatric condition that affects millions worldwide, yet its underlying mechanisms remain only partially understood. Recent research sheds light on the critical roles of phosphoglycerate mutase family member 5 (PGAM5) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the brain, offering new insights into how disruptions in energy metabolism can …