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Ibogaine For Opiate Addiction & Withdrawal

Ibogaine is a psychoactive indole alkaloid derived from plants of the Apocynaceae family, including:  Tabernanthe iboga, Voacanga africana and Tabernaemontana undulata.  When ingested by humans, ibogaine induces a psychedelic response with dissociative and opioidergic properties.  The [subjective] experience of ibogaine is often described as biphasic such that the first phase (4 to 6 hours) is …

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Kratom Withdrawal Symptoms

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is an evergreen tree from the Rubiaceae (coffee) family that produces leaves containing numerous psychoactive compounds, most notably including indole alkaloids: 7-hydroxymitragynine, mitraphylline, and mitragynine.  When ingested by humans, the aforestated indole alkaloids significantly modulate CNS activity primarily via partial agonism of mu-opioid receptors (MORs).  In addition, evidence from pharmacodynamic investigations suggests …

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Clonidine For Opiate Withdrawal Symptoms: Does It Help?

Clonidine is an antihypertensive drug originally synthesized in the early 1960s by chemists employed under the pharmaceutical company Boehringer Ingelheim.  At the time, the chemists intended to develop a peripherally-active adrenergic nasal decongestant to be administered in the form of nose drops.  In the process, the chemists sought to modify amidines to fit the chemical …

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Gabapentin For Opiate Withdrawal

Gabapentin is rumored to have been synthesized by chemists in the 1970s in attempt to develop an antispasmodic agent.  After its synthesis, rights to gabapentin were acquired by Parke-Davis (a subsidiary of Pfizer) whereafter it underwent clinical trials that evaluated its safety and anticonvulsant efficacy in the treatment of seizures.  Clinical trial data indicated that …

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Phenibut Withdrawal Symptoms: List of Possibilities

Phenibut (brand name “Noofen”) is a neuropsychiatric drug originally synthesized in St. Petersburg, Russia by a team of researchers at the Department of Organic Chemistry of the Herzen Pedagogic Institute.  By the 1960s, phenibut was introduced as a pharmaceutical agent in Russia for the treatment of various medical conditions including: anxiety, insomnia, and PTSD.  Since …

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Invega (Paliperidone) Withdrawal Symptoms: List of Possibilities

Invega (Paliperidone) is an atypical antipsychotic approved in 2006 for the treatment of schizophrenia.  Several years later in 2009, a longer-acting format of the medication called “Invega Sustenna” was also approved.  Invega Sustenna is an injectable form of the drug that is administered every 4 weeks and is thought to be advantageous it mitigates risk …

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